Americans do not worry too much about proper English because relaxed language usage has even affected native speakers. A word that brings a lot of confusion is ‘whoever’ or ‘whomever.’ Many English learners and even fluent speakers confuse and misinterpret these terms. Knowing who uses whom requires certain knowledge of grammar along with subjects, objects, and cases.
In this detailed guide, I will explain everything there is to know about the grammar of ‘whomever and whoever’ including real-life scenarios where these words can be used, specific rules taught along with lessons, and techniques to make sure these cases never go missing again. Anyone looking to better their English skills including professionals and students will have an easier time differentiating between the two words ‘whom’ and ‘who’ after reading this guide.
What is the Difference Between Whoever and Whomever?
At their core, whoever and whomever are both pronouns. The main difference lies in how they function within a sentence:
- Whoever is a subject pronoun (like he, she, or they).
- Whomever is an object pronoun (like him, her, or them).
Quick Rule
- Use whoever when it is the subject of a verb.
- Use whomever when it is the object of a verb or preposition.
This rule may sound simple, but whoever or whomever can become confusing when embedded in more complex sentence structures.
Read Also: Sweety or Sweetie: Which One is Correct? Find Out Now
Understanding Subject vs Object Pronouns
To understand whoever or whomever, it helps to review subjects and objects, because knowing how words work in a sentence makes choosing the right one much easier.
- A subject performs the action in a sentence — it’s the person or thing doing something.
- An object receives the action — it’s the person or thing something is done to.
This subject-object relationship is the foundation for figuring out whether to use whoever or whomever in your writing, and it’s a crucial grammar skill to develop.
Examples to illustrate:
- Whoever arrives first gets the best seat. (Here, whoever is the subject because they are doing the action — arriving.)
- Give the ticket to whomever you see first. (Here, whomever is the object because they are receiving the action — being seen.)
By understanding these basics, you’ll have a much easier time applying the whoever vs whomever rule in real-world sentences, whether you’re writing essays, emails, or just texting a friend.
The Grammar Rule for Whoever and Whomever
Here’s the critical rule that grammar experts use to determine whether whoever or whomever fits:
- Identify the clause that follows.
- Determine if the pronoun functions as a subject or object within that clause.
- Use whoever if it’s the subject.
- Use whomever if it’s the object.
Example Breakdown
Give the prize to whoever/whomever writes the best essay.
- The clause is “whoever/whomever writes the best essay.”
- In this clause, “writes” needs a subject.
- Whoever writes the essay — not whomever.
- Correct: Give the prize to whoever writes the best essay.
Common Confusion: Object of the Main Clause vs Subject of Subordinate Clause
This is the source of most confusion. People often focus on the main sentence rather than the clause where whoever/whomever actually lives.
Example
We will award the scholarship to whoever/whomever is most qualified.
- “We will award the scholarship to” — this part takes an object.
- But the clause is: whoever/whomever is most qualified.
- In that clause, whoever is the subject of “is.”
- Correct: whoever.
Whoever vs Whomever: The Simple Trick
If you’re unsure, rephrase the clause using he/him or they/them.
- If he/they fits, use whoever.
- If him/them fits, use whomever.
Example
We will invite whoever/whomever can attend.
- “Whoever can attend” – would you say “He can attend” or “Him can attend”?
- “He can attend” works — therefore, whoever is correct.
Formal vs Informal Contexts
In talking or writing like we do every day, lots of people say whoever because it feels easier and sounds more normal. Even though it’s not always the right word, people still use it when they should say whomever. That’s okay sometimes because language changes, and we don’t always have to follow every grammar rule when we’re just chatting with friends, writing fun stories, or posting online. It’s all about making sure people understand you, even if it’s not super perfect grammar.
But in fancy places like school papers, lawyer papers, important work letters, or big reports, using the right word still matters a whole lot. Using the correct grammar shows that you really know what you’re talking about and makes people trust what you say. That’s why it’s good to know the difference between whoever and whomever, especially when you want to sound extra smart and grown-up. Knowing how to pick the right one helps you look careful, professional, and super smart.
Even though whomever might feel like an old word or something you only hear in movies, it still matters when you want to be very clear and correct. Learning how to use both words the right way helps you switch between talking with friends and writing important things for school or work. When you know the rules and practice them, you’ll be able to use whoever and whomever like a grammar pro, no matter who you’re talking to!
Examples of Whoever or Whomever in Different Sentences
Examples with Whoever (Subject)
- Whoever finishes first will win the prize.
- We will support whoever applies for the grant.
- You can ask whoever is in charge.
Examples with Whomever (Object)
- Send the email to whomever you choose.
- We will select whomever you recommend.
- Offer the role to whomever you feel fits best.
Real-World Applications: When to Use Whoever vs Whomever in Emails and Essays
Emails
Formal: Please forward this message to whomever is responsible. Casual: Please send this to whoever can help.
Essays
- Correct: The award will go to whoever demonstrates the most creativity.
- Correct: We will interview whomever the manager recommends.
Whoever or Whomever in Questions
In indirect questions, follow the same rule.
- Direct: Who will attend the meeting?
- Indirect: Please let us know whoever will attend.
Whoever vs Whomever in Legal and Business Writing
Legal documents, contracts, and official reports often require strict adherence to grammar rules.
- Correct: Payment will be made to whomever the client designates.
- Correct: Responsibility lies with whoever signs the agreement.
Whoever or Whomever in Job Applications
- We hire based on whoever meets the qualifications.
- Please contact whomever you spoke to last.
Advanced Tip: Whoever and Whomever in Complex Sentences
Sometimes, you’ll encounter layers of clauses. Always apply the subject-object test within each nested clause.
Example
The decision will be made by whomever the committee appoints.
- “The committee appoints whomever” — object.
- Correct: whomever.
Read Also: Afterward or Afterwards: Which One to Use and Why?
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
| Mistake | Correction |
| We will hire whomever can start Monday. | We will hire whoever can start Monday. |
| Send this to whoever you want. | Send this to whomever you want. |
| Talk to whomever is at the front desk. | Talk to whoever is at the front desk. |
When to Use Whoever vs Whomever
| Use | Pronoun | Example |
| Subject of clause | Whoever | Whoever calls first will win. |
| Object of verb | Whomever | We will hire whomever you recommend. |
| Object of preposition | Whomever | Give this to whomever you see first. |
Whoever or Whomever: Grammar Quiz
Test your knowledge with these sentences. Fill in the blank with whoever or whomever.
- We will support __________ applies.
- The prize goes to __________ the judges select.
- Please send your RSVP to __________ is organizing the event.
- You may work with __________ you prefer.
Answers
- Whoever
- Whomever
- Whoever
- Whomever
Key Insight
What is the difference between whoever and whomever?
Whoever is used for the subject of a sentence (the one doing the action), and whomever is used for the object (the one receiving the action).
How do I know if I should use whoever or whomever?
Use whoever if you can replace it with he or she. Use whomever if you can replace it with him or her.
Is it okay to always use whoever instead of whomever?
In casual writing or speech, most people use whoever, but in formal or professional writing, it’s best to follow proper grammar rules and use whomever when appropriate.
Why is whomever so rarely used?
Whomever sounds more formal and can feel awkward in conversation, so many people avoid it unless they’re writing formally.
Can I start a sentence with whomever?
It’s possible, but very rare. Most sentences that start with this pronoun use whoever because it’s usually the subject.
Is whomever becoming outdated?
Not entirely, but whoever is much more common in modern English, especially in speech and informal writing.
Final Thoughts
Figuring out if you should use whoever or whomever can feel tricky, but don’t worry! When you practice a lot, it gets easier and easier. You just need to remember who does the action (that’s the subject) and who gets the action (that’s the object). You can also do the fun “he or him” trick to help you pick the right word. Even though fancy grammar books like whomever, most people say whoever when they talk.
When you see whoever or whomever in letters, stories, or emails, try to stop and look at how the words work in the sentence. The more you practice, the better you’ll get at finding who does the action and who gets it. Some sentences might seem hard at first, but they’re just puzzles you can solve with your grammar superpowers!
Knowing how to use whoever and whomever the right way helps make your writing clear and smart. You’ll sound like a grammar star, and people will understand you better. Just remember the rules and try the tricks from this guide — you’ll be a whoever and whomever expert in no time!
